{"id":529,"date":"2025-05-09T21:59:01","date_gmt":"2025-05-09T18:59:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hostvera.com.tr\/blog\/?p=529"},"modified":"2025-05-26T22:58:02","modified_gmt":"2025-05-26T19:58:02","slug":"dnssec-kurulumu-alan-adinizi-dns-sahteciliginden-korumak-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hostvera.com.tr\/blog\/dnssec-kurulumu-alan-adinizi-dns-sahteciliginden-korumak-2\/","title":{"rendered":"DNSSEC Kurulumu: Alan Ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 DNS Sahtecili\u011finden Korumak"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

DNSSEC Kurulumu: Alan Ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 DNS Sahtecili\u011finden Korumak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong>
Alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131, web sitenizin ve e-posta altyap\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n temel ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Ancak DNS trafi\u011fi imza veya \u015fifre ile korunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece DNS yan\u0131tlar\u0131, ortadaki adam (MITM) sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 veya DNS sahtecili\u011fi (cache poisoning) ile manip\u00fcle edilebilir. DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions), DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 dijital imza ile imzalayarak bu tehditleri \u00f6nler. DNSSEC etkinle\u015ftirdi\u011finizde, resolver\u2019lar (DNS sorgu yapan sunucular) her DNS yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frular, b\u00f6ylece kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n do\u011fru IP\u2019ye y\u00f6nlenmesi garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DNSSEC\u2019in Temel Kavramlar\u0131 ve Bile\u015fenleri<\/strong>
DNSSEC, iki ana anahtar \u00e7ifti kullan\u0131r: Zone Signing Key (ZSK) ve Key Signing Key (KSK). ZSK, alan ad\u0131n\u0131zdaki her bir DNS kayd\u0131n\u0131 imzalamak i\u00e7in h\u0131zl\u0131, k\u0131sa anahtar olarak g\u00f6rev yapar. KSK ise ZSK imzalar\u0131n\u0131 imzalar ve b\u00f6ylece k\u00f6k (parent) b\u00f6lgedeki DS (Delegation Signer) kayd\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilir. ZSK ve KSK\u2019\u0131n imza s\u00fcresi (TTL) ve yenileme periyotlar\u0131 genellikle farkl\u0131d\u0131r: ZSK daha s\u0131k, KSK daha seyrek de\u011fi\u015ftirilir. DNSSEC zinciri \u015f\u00f6yle i\u015fler: K\u00f6k b\u00f6lgeden (root zone) itibaren her parent b\u00f6lge, child b\u00f6lgeye ait KSK\u2019n\u0131n hash\u2019ini DS kayd\u0131 olarak tutar. Resolver, root\u2019ta DS kayd\u0131n\u0131, child zondaki KSK DNSKEY kayd\u0131n\u0131, sonraki katmanda da ZSK imzalar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frular; son olarak kay\u0131tlar \u00fczerinde \u201cRRset\u201d imzas\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eder. Bu zincir, en \u00fcstten en alta kadar kesintisiz bir do\u011frulama hatt\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6n Ko\u015fullar ve Ortam Haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>
DNSSEC kurulumuna ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce; kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z DNS sunucu yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n (BIND, Knot, PowerDNS, NSD, Unbound) DNSSEC\u2019i tam destekledi\u011finden, sunucu saatinizin NTP ile senkronize oldu\u011fundan ve DNS y\u00f6neticisi (registrar) panelinizin DS kayd\u0131 eklemeye izin verdi\u011finden emin olun. Ayr\u0131ca DNS zone\u2019unuzun TTL de\u011ferini (\u00f6zellikle DNSKEY ve DS kay\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7in) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutmak, de\u011fi\u015fiklik yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta 300 saniye, ilerleyen s\u00fcrelerde 3600\u201386400 aras\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ad\u0131m 1: Anahtar \u00c7ifti Olu\u015fturma<\/strong>
\u00d6rnek olarak BIND kullan\u0131yorsan\u0131z, dnssec-keygen komutuyla KSK ve ZSK olu\u015fturabilirsiniz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

cd \/etc\/bind\/keys<\/p>\n\n\n\n

dnssec-keygen -a RSASHA256 -b 2048 -n ZONE example.com <\/p>\n\n\n\n

# ZSK i\u00e7in<\/p>\n\n\n\n

dnssec-keygen -a RSASHA256 -b 4096 -n ZONE -f KSK example.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Komut sonucunda Kexample.com.+008+12345.key (DNSKEY kayd\u0131) ve Kexample.com.+008+12345.private (\u00f6zel anahtar) gibi dosyalar olu\u015fur. KSK ve ZSK dosya adlar\u0131nda +008+ algoritma numaras\u0131n\u0131; 12345 ise key tag\u2019i temsil eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ad\u0131m 2: Zone Dosyas\u0131n\u0131 \u0130mzalama<\/strong>
Anahtarlar\u0131 olu\u015fturduktan sonra, zone dosyan\u0131z\u0131 imzalaman\u0131z gerekiyor. BIND\u2019de dnssec-signzone arac\u0131yla:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

dnssec-signzone -o example.com -k Kexample.com.+008+12345 example.com.zone Kexample.com.+008+67890<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu komut, \u00f6nce ZSK, sonra KSK ile example.com.zone.signed ad\u0131nda imzal\u0131 zone dosyas\u0131 \u00fcretir. Dosyan\u0131n i\u00e7inde DNSKEY, RRSIG, NSEC\/NSEC3 ve di\u011fer gerekli DNSSEC kay\u0131tlar\u0131 yer al\u0131r. E\u011fer NSEC yerine NSEC3 kullanmak isterseniz, -3 parametresi ve tuz de\u011feri ekleyebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ad\u0131m 3: \u0130mzal\u0131 Zone\u2019u Y\u00fckleme<\/strong>
DNS sunucunuzun konfig\u00fcrasyon dosyas\u0131nda, orijinal zone yerine imzal\u0131 zone dosyas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

zone “example.com” {<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    type master;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    file “\/etc\/bind\/keys\/example.com.zone.signed”;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    allow-query { any; };<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    …<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    dnssec-enable yes;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    dnssec-validation yes;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

};<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sunucuyu yeniden ba\u015flat\u0131n veya konfig\u00fcrasyon y\u00fckleyin (rndc reload example.com). Bu a\u015famada hata al\u0131rsan\u0131z, named-checkzone ve named-checkconf ile zone yap\u0131land\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulay\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ad\u0131m 4: DS Kayd\u0131n\u0131 Registrara Bildirme<\/strong>
K\u00f6k ya da parent b\u00f6lgedeki DS kayd\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncellenmesi i\u00e7in registrar panelinize gidin. KSK\u2019a ait DS kayd\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

dnssec-dsfromkey Kexample.com.+008+12345.key<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u0131kt\u0131da hem SHA-1 hem de SHA-256 hash\u2019i g\u00f6receksiniz. Registrar\u2019\u0131n istedi\u011fi hash algoritmas\u0131na g\u00f6re (\u00e7o\u011fu SHA-256 kullan\u0131r) DS kayd\u0131n\u0131 ds parameter<\/em> olarak girin. Kay\u0131t ba\u015far\u0131yla eklenince parent b\u00f6lge DNSSEC zincirine dahil olur. Bu i\u015flem DNS propagasyon s\u00fcresine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 30\u201360 dakika s\u00fcrebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ad\u0131m 5: Do\u011frulama ve Test<\/strong>
DNSSEC\u2019in do\u011fru \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u00e7lar kullanabilirsiniz. Komut sat\u0131r\u0131ndan:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

dig +dnssec example.com A <\/p>\n\n\n\n

dig +short example.com RRSIG <\/p>\n\n\n\n

veya<\/p>\n\n\n\n

delv example.com<\/p>\n\n\n\n

delv (DNSSEC-aware dig) root\u2019tan ba\u015flayarak t\u00fcm zinciri kontrol eder. Online testler i\u00e7in Verisign Labs DNSSEC Debugger, DNSViz veya DNSCheck ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilirsiniz. Test sonu\u00e7lar\u0131nda k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 hata veya uyar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karsa; TTL, imza \u00f6mr\u00fc, NSEC\/NSEC3 zinciri ve key tag uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131na odaklan\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ad\u0131m 6: Anahtar Rotasyonu ve Yenileme<\/strong>
G\u00fcvenlik gere\u011fi ZSK\u2019\u0131 3\u20136 ayda, KSK\u2019\u0131 ise y\u0131lda bir kez de\u011fi\u015ftirmeniz \u00f6nerilir. Rotasyon s\u00fcreci:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Yeni ZSK olu\u015ftur, eski ZSK ile birlikte zone\u2019u imzala (double signing).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Propagasyon sonras\u0131 eski ZSK\u2019\u0131 zone\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131kar, imzala.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. KSK i\u00e7in benzer ad\u0131mlar\u0131 uygula; ancak registrar\u2019da DS kayd\u0131n\u0131 yenilemek i\u00e7in yeni KSK\u2019\u0131n hash\u2019ini eklemelisin. Bu a\u015famada \u201cdouble DS\u201d yani eski ve yeni DS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 bir s\u00fcre parent b\u00f6lgeye ekli tutmak, zincir kopmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler. T\u00fcm propagasyon tamamland\u0131ktan sonra eski DS\u2019leri kald\u0131rabilirsin.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Yayg\u0131n Hata Senaryolar\u0131 ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00d6nerileri<\/strong>
    \u2022 \u201cServfail\u201d Yan\u0131t\u0131:<\/strong> Zone dosyas\u0131ndaki imza ge\u00e7erlilik s\u00fcresi (expiration) ge\u00e7mi\u015f olabilir. RRSIG record\u2019unu kontrol ederek TTL ve expiration tarihlerinin ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fundan emin olun.
    \u2022 Key Tag Hatas\u0131:<\/strong> DNSKEY ve DS kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndaki key tag\u2019ler uyu\u015fmuyorsa, dnssec-keygen ile olu\u015fturulan dosyalardaki tag\u2019leri kontrol edin. Yanl\u0131\u015f dosyay\u0131 DS\u2019ye eklemek s\u0131k\u00e7a yap\u0131lan hatad\u0131r.
    \u2022 NSEC Zinciri Bozulmas\u0131:<\/strong> E\u011fer NSEC ile korunan bir zone\u2019da kay\u0131t silme veya ekleme sonras\u0131 imzalama atlanm\u0131\u015fsa, zincir eksik kal\u0131r. dnssec-signzone otomatik tam zincir \u00fcretir; manuel d\u00fczenlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131n.
    \u2022 Registrar Uyumsuzlu\u011fu:<\/strong> Baz\u0131 registrar\u2019lar sadece belirli algoritmalar\u0131 destekler veya DS d\u00fczeltmeleri 24\u201348 saati bulur. \u0130lk ad\u0131mdan \u00f6nce teknik destekle kontrol edin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    DNSSEC ve DDoS Etkisi<\/strong>
    DNSSEC imzalar\u0131, her DNS yan\u0131t\u0131na ek veri ekledi\u011finden paket boyutunu b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcr. Bu durum, DNS amplification (y\u00f6nlendirme) sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda yans\u0131tma miktar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rabilir. Bunu \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • DNS sunucular\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 rate limiting ve response size limiting ile yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131n (BIND\u2019de rate-limit direktifi).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Anycast da\u011f\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 DNS mimarisi kullanarak DDoS y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc b\u00f6lgeye yayabilirsiniz.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • DNSSEC-validating resolver\u2019lar\u0131 network i\u00e7inde konumland\u0131rarak, external DDoS\u2019dan etkilenen sunucular\u0131 shield edin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Monitoring, Uyar\u0131 ve S\u00fcrekli Bak\u0131m<\/strong>
      DNSSEC kurulumunu takiben imzalar\u0131n s\u00fcresi (TTL ve RRSIG expiration) yak\u0131ndan izlenmelidir. Cron job ile g\u00fcnl\u00fck delv testi \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak kritik hatalarda e-posta bildirimi alabilir veya Prometheus\u2019un dnssec_exporter arac\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak Grafana dashboard\u2019unda g\u00f6rselle\u015ftirebilirsiniz. Ayr\u0131ca DNSKEY ve DS TTL\u2019lerini izleyen script\u2019ler, rotasyon zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rman\u0131z\u0131 engeller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/strong>
      \u2022 Anahtar dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenli bir dizinde, sadece DNS y\u00f6neticisi kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 eri\u015febilecek \u015fekilde tutun (chmod 600).
      \u2022 Anahtar ve zone yedeklerini, de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00f6ncesi snapshot\u2019lar\u0131 d\u00fczenli aral\u0131klarla saklay\u0131n.
      \u2022 NSEC3 kullanarak zone \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen DNSSEC zone walking (t\u00fcm kay\u0131t listesinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131) sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131n.
      \u2022 Parent zone\u2019un DNSSEC durumunu periyodik olarak kontrol edin; k\u00f6k, TLD ve kendi zonda zincirin kopma olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemleyin.
      \u2022 Anahtar rota i\u015flemlerini bir playbook veya automation script\u2019ine entegre ederek, manuel hatalar\u0131 en aza indirin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>
      DNSSEC, DNS altyap\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 DNS spoofing ve cache poisoning sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruman\u0131n en etkili yoludur. Zone Signing Key (ZSK) ve Key Signing Key (KSK) kavramlar\u0131n\u0131, DS zinciri kurulumunu, imzalama komutlar\u0131n\u0131 ve rotasyon ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru uygulayarak, alan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fini uzun vadede koruyabilirsiniz. \u0130zleme, otomasyon ve periyodik bak\u0131m ile DNSSEC zincirinin s\u00fcrekli sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 kalmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131n; b\u00f6ylece kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131za her zaman do\u011fru i\u00e7eri\u011fi, do\u011fru IP\u2019den ve g\u00fcvenle ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan emin olun.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      DNSSEC Kurulumu: Alan Ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 DNS Sahtecili\u011finden Korumak Giri\u015fAlan ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131, web sitenizin ve e-posta altyap\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n temel ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Ancak DNS trafi\u011fi imza veya \u015fifre ile korunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece DNS yan\u0131tlar\u0131, ortadaki adam (MITM) sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 veya DNS sahtecili\u011fi (cache poisoning) ile manip\u00fcle edilebilir. DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions), DNS kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 dijital imza ile imzalayarak bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ub_ctt_via":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[76],"tags":[45],"class_list":["post-529","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-web-guvenligi-ve-ssl-sertifikalari-rehberi","tag-dns"],"featured_image_src":null,"author_info":{"display_name":"admin","author_link":"https:\/\/hostvera.com.tr\/blog\/author\/hostvera\/"},"yoast_head":"\nDNSSEC Kurulumu: Alan Ad\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 Sahtecili\u011fe Kar\u015f\u0131 G\u00fcvenceye Al\u0131n<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"DNSSEC ile DNS sahtecili\u011fini \u00f6nleyin. 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